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Showing 15 results for Adolescent
Amin Jafari, Maryam Shajirat,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
This study was conducted by reviewing the laws and regulations of Iran and Egypt concerning children and adolescents, and also international standards such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Beijing Rules as well to compare and analyze issues including children and adolescents protection rules in Iran and Egypt, the minimum and maximum age of criminal responsibility, type and extent of criminal responsibility in different age groups in both Iran and Egypt. Then, the extent of compliance of two countries rules with international rules was assessed. Our results revealed that Iran has not complied with the principles of legislation in drafting the protection laws for children and adolescents. The adoption of numerous and dispersed laws in the pre and post revolution has undermined the principle of accessibility of the law, then these circumstances make it difficult to protect children and adolescents with It is a problem and finally prevent the realization of access to justice. In Egypt, the minimum and maximum age for criminal responsibility is 12 and 18 years, respectively, also the minimum age of civilian custody is 21 years, while in Iran’s law, there is not the same approach regarding minimum and maximum age of criminal responsibility due to punishments of crimes are classified into discretionary, retaliate. This result has controversy with international regulations.
Please cite this article as: Jafari A, Shajirat M. Comparative Study of Children and Adolescents’ Protection Rules in Iran and Egypt. Child Rights J 2019; 1(2): 45-69.
Atefeh Abbasi, Fatemeh Salehi Nejad,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (12-2019)
Abstract
Despite widespread legal reforms in the Islamic Penal Code and the code of penal procedure approved in 1392, in the scope of children and adolescents, there are still gaps and bugs in the Criminal liability of the child, the kind of executable punishment against them and procedure of crimes of children.
This article, in a library method and after accurate study of existing jurisprudence and legal sources, concluded that, although existing laws regulate the relative acceptance of the age of criminal liability of children and adolescents in the field of crimes of inferiority and the minimum use of punishment and increase in legislating educative acts ,but the age of criminal liability Especially regarding the execution of hodoud and retribution is considered to face the challenge of aberration with social requirements and can be increased by appropriate separation between age of religious responsibility and criminal liability, based on available jurisprudential and scientific sources, which is a problem related to the execution of retributive punishments and it will raise the limit for children too.
Please cite this article as: Abbasi A, Salehi Nejad F. Conflict of Execution of Hodoud and Retribution against Children and Adolescents with the Right to Life. Child Rights J 2019; 1(3): 11-33.
Bahram Jafari,
Volume 2, Issue 6 (9-2020)
Abstract
Child victimization poses a dire threat to the most sensitive and important assets of society. Accordingly, in international documents and domestic laws, differential policies have been adopted to prevent victimization while limiting and eliminating its effects and preclude secondary child victimization. Using the library and descriptive method, the present study, with emphasis on the Child and Adolescent Protection Law, attempts to discuss the aspects of the differential policy approach aimed to protect child victims in the iranian legal system. The results indicate that there were scattered, yet inadequate, regulations protecting children in various substantive and formal aspects in the past; However, while developing the scope of differential protecting regulations, the enactment of the Child and Adolescent Protection Law in 2020 has provided considerable preventive and monitoring- oriented views, especially through making legal intervention in favor of children and adolescents that are at risk or victimization. It can be said that this law clearly factors in differential policies including determining several crimes and specific punishments aimed at protecting children and adolescents and considering special institutional, disciplinary and judicial organizations with the aim of managing, preventing and dealing with child victimization and limiting its effects.
Please cite this article as: Jafari B. Manifestations of differential penal policy towards child victims with a look at the Child and Adolescent Protection Law adopted in 2020. Child Rights J 2020; 2(6): 65-88.
Maryam Sha’ban, Seyed Mohammad Hosseini,
Volume 2, Issue 7 (11-2020)
Abstract
This study seeks to investigate how four main areas of reference in Iran and the world are exposed to child delinquent. Therefore, four main areas of reference were identified that include Iranian legal regulations, Islamic religion, the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Islam and the Convention on the Rights of the Child; Then they were analyzed with a qualitative approach and documentary analysis method. The results show that exposure to delinquent children is approximately the same in all four domains. Although the three areas related to Iran and the Islamic world have been centered on Law of Religion, especially Shi'ism, their roots lie in Islamic religion, and against them the Convention on the Rights of the Child as an international matter has been drafted based on the Declaration of Human Rights and the belief in Humanism, but they work very closely on how to deal with child guilty and there are no significant differences between their procedures. Therefore, all four domains regard the child as having no precise decision-making power and consider his/her delinquency a common "mistake" in his/her development. The child should be forgiven as much as possible and his/her error should be ignored; this should also have a corrective and re-interactional aspect to be done within the child's family by the child's parents or legal guardians. Unless child guilty is limited, such as harm to others, which has resulted in violations of the rights of others, all three areas emphasize efforts to minimize penalties and impose penalties for reform and resocialization. the only point of difference is in the definition of the child and the age range that makes the subject different in applying the rules related to child delinquency.
Please cite this article as: Sha’ban M, Hosseini M. The Rights of Delinquent Children and Adolescents in Iran: An Analysis of Four Determining Areas. Child Rights J 2020; 2(7): 31-59.
Askar Jalalian, Mostafa Zarei, Abbas Barzegarzadeh,
Volume 2, Issue 7 (11-2020)
Abstract
The Special police for children and adolescents, as one of the special institutions of the juvenile justice system, was first considered in the Juvenile Delinquency Bill (1383) and then the legislator paid attention to it in the Criminal Procedure Code of 1392 in Article 31. According to this article, the police organization was ordered to form a police section for children and adolescents. In this study, in order to achieve the hidden angles of the role of the police in juvenile justice, an attempt has been made to explain the preventive position of the juvenile police in order to answer the question: what is the role of the juvenile police in the Iranian judiciary in crime prevention? The results of this study indicate that the behavior and approach of the Iranian police towards children and adolescents does not have a differential criminal policy and in dealing with children and adolescents, adult criminal policy is used. Therefore, it is necessary for the police to try to improve the process of intervening in the proceedings of children and adolescents by formulating a differential criminal policy based on protective and not criminal intervention in compliance with national and international principles and standards.
Please cite this article as: Jalalian A, Zarei M, Barzegarzadeh A. Necessity of Special Police for Children and Adolescents in Iranian Judicial System. Child Rights J 2020; 2(7): 125-145.
Abbas Ali Akbari, Seyede Monira Hejazi,
Volume 2, Issue 8 (3-2021)
Abstract
Children have always been exposed to many physical, psychological and sexual abuses throughout history. Today, following industrial, communication and information developments, supporting this group against all forms of exploitation is necessary, especially against sexual exploitation and sexual harassment, which are often included in the black figures of delinquency in many countries, including Iran due to moral issues. In the domestic system, in order to implement protectionist policies in accordance with international standards and the existence of a gap in the former law on the protection of children and adolescents adopted in 2002, the need for differential protection of sexually abused children was felt. In 2020, in the law for the protection of children and adolescents, the legislator has paid special attention to the protection of these victims against sexual harassment. The present study analyzes data and uses library tools to examine the legislative approach of the Iranian legislature in relation to child sexual abuse in the new law due to the previous legal gaps and insufficient legislative support for sexual harassment, as well as explaining the aggravated causes of these behaviors in law.
Please cite this article as: Akbari AA, Hejazi SM. Iranian Criminal Policy towards Child Sexual Molestation in the Light of the Child and Adolescent Protection Law of 2020. Child Rights J 2020; 2(8): 81-109.
Mohammad Khorshidi Athar,
Volume 3, Issue 10 (9-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Criminal protection of children against computer games following the fundamental transformation in the light of technological advances and the spread of computer games along with increasing the power of its impact on human thought and behavior is inevitable. On the one hand, entertaining children due to their strong interest in computer games, and on the other hand, the wide range of such games with large investments to develop computer games in the age group of children In addition to the unhealthy and harmful effects on this vulnerable group has raised many concerns for thinkers. In this study, the criminal policies of the Iranian legal system regarding the violation of children's rights in the context of computer games compared with international documents and from a critical point of view has been evaluated and by perusing the strengths and weaknesses of related laws, the need for comprehensive rules to protect the rights of the child against harming of computer games has been emphasized by formulating an effective differential criminal policy.
Method: The method of discussion in this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data gathering is library.
Results: In Iran's legal system, a review of the laws related to the current criminal policy regarding the violation of children's rights in the field of creating, publishing and distributing computer games reveals gaps and defects.
Conclusion: By examining the situation of children and their rights against computer games and studying the negative and inappropriate effects of this universal and effective technology on children it is possible to achieve a comprehensive support program containing differential criminal policies against child victimization through the use of computer games. A differential approach to substantive criminal law in the field of child safety in relation to computer games is the role that the legislature can play in protecting children and to prevent the abuse of the rights of this vulnerable group.
Please cite this article as:
Khorshidi Athar M. legislative Criminal Policy in the Iranian Legal System on Child Rights Violations in the Field of Computer Games. Child Rights Journal. 2021; 3(10): 47-57.
Mehdi Mohammadi, Seyedeh Parisa Mirabi,
Volume 3, Issue 11 (12-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Economic law is one of the rights enshrined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), first enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. International labor law is also enshrined in the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention as a specialized agency of the United Nations. In relation to children, the Convention on the Rights of the Child at the international level and the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents at the domestic level have provided specific protections. This study aims to examine the role of economic rights in protecting children's labor rights and analyze the main problems of protecting children's economic and labor rights in national and international laws.
Method: The present study has been done using descriptive-analytical method and using library resources.
Results: Protecting the rights of the child against economic exploitation and doing any harmful work is emphasized in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). Unfortunately, international documents do not pay attention to the factors that create child labor and provide enforcement guarantees or mechanisms to solve this problem. Following the international instruments, the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents (1399) of the Islamic Republic of Iran not only defines economic exploitation but it also considers forcing a child or teenager to engage in activities such as begging and trafficking, and any activity that causes damage to his physical, mental, social and moral health and security, or educational status, as a risky situation which will cause immediate intervention and legal support.
Conclusion: Protection of children in the work environment and protection against economic exploitation will reach their high objectives if the other rights specified in the convention, including the right to benefit from social security (Article 26), the right to have a standard of living suitable for growth physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social rights (Article 27) and the right to protection against actions that threaten the child's health, education or development (Article 32), should be realized equally for all children with all age conditions.
Please cite this article as:
Mohammadi M, Mirabi SP. The Role of Economic Law in Protecting the Labor Rights of Children. Child Rights Journal. 2021; 3(11): 13-26.
Mohsen Aghaie,
Volume 3, Issue 12 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Today, the media in different formats dominates the lives of people, especially children and teenagers, and attracts children by highlighting attractive points. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of the media in the realization of juvenile delinquency and investigating preventive solutions in the light of developmental criminology theory.
Method: The present study was carried out using library resources and descriptive-analytical method.
Results: As a double-edged sword, the media can play a positive or negative role, as well as in some cases a passive role and ruining free time in the mental form of people, and has a great impact by creating a sense of Identification in people, especially at a young age, in creating a delinquent center and pushing children to accept delinquent roles or the victimization. perhaps the association of some points that in the past pushed a person from the circle of innocence to delinquency and the reproduction of it through the media and the creation of a context for delinquency, make him seek his first in other dimensions according to the sense of curiosity, especially in children and teenagers, makes them determined and puts them in the trap of crime.
Conclusion: By conducting a field study and using developmental criminology tools and investigating different periods of life in children and adolescents and investigating the degree of overcoming and resisting sensual desire in different age periods, we can get rich resources for making correct decisions in knowing the situations that lead a person to delinquency and after that, a proper orientation was achieved towards these platforms and in preventing and eliminating delinquent domains and finally, the appropriate criminal prescription with the guarantee of efficient implementation succeeded in creating a safe environment for children.
Please cite this article as:
Aghaie M. The Role of the Media in the Delinquency of Children and Adolescents and the Explanation of Prevention Strategies in the Light of Developmental Criminology Theory. Child Rights Journal. 2022; 3(12): 39-48.
Abbas Sheikh Al-Islami, Ebrahim Rezagholizadeh,
Volume 4, Issue 14 (9-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The right to counsel is one of the main aspects of a fair trial. In the meantime, considering children's lack of full ability to defend, it is more important for them to have legal assistance. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the level of attention of the Code of Criminal Procedure approved in 2012 and international documents regarding the legal assistance of a lawyer to a child in the process of criminal proceedings.
Method: The present research was written using the descriptive method and the use of library resources consisted of related laws and legal documents.
Results: Legislator in Iran, along with taking some innovative measures such as recognizing the right to visit a lawyer in the stage under supervision and paying attention to the role of a lawyer and his legal assistance for children in the stage of protesting the sentence, regarding the benefit of criminal children from a lawyer in the trial stage, adopted two different approaches. In this way, the existence of a lawyer during the proceedings is not mandatory, but can be applied as a matter of law, regarding crimes of degrees six to eight, as well as other crimes without the legal punishment of imprisonment. However, in crimes that are under the jurisdiction of the First Criminal Court, and in the crimes that require the payment of Diya or Arsh more than one-fifth of the full Diah, as well as in Tazeeri crimes of the sixth degree and above, the presence of a lawyer in the proceedings is assumed to be mandatory. The study of international documents regarding the effects of legal assistance of lawyers for children shows that these documents have paid attention to the role and position of lawyers in the protection of children in the three stages of pre-trial, trial and appeal.
Conclusion: In the Code of Criminal Procedure, in line with international documents, the domestic legislator has paid more attention to the role of lawyers and legal aids in dealing with children's crimes.
Please cite this article as:
Sheikh al-Islami A, Rezagholizadeh E. Legal Assistance of a Lawyer to a Child in the Process of Criminal Proceedings (a Comparative Study of the Code of Criminal Procedure Approved in 2012 and International Documents). Child Rights Journal. 2022; 4(14): 17-27.
Fatemeh Izadi Gonabadi,
Volume 4, Issue 15 (12-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Committing crimes by adolescents is a problem that has been the concern of lawyers and sociologists for a long time and is still one of the major topics of human sciences. A review of the number of crimes in the world and in our own country is indicative of the fact that committing crimes by adolescents is one of the major issues of our society, so the purpose of this research is to investigate the commission of crimes among adolescents and also to investigate the causes of committing crimes by adolescents and in This article also deals with ways to prevent and deal with committing crimes by adolescents.
Method: In this research, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way, the library method was used.
Results: Identifying crime-causing factors is the first step in the fight against social deviations and crime, so that by eliminating these factors or reducing their effects, the occurrence of crimes can be prevented or at least reduced in the society.
Conclusion: As a result, the most important factor in committing crimes among teenagers is the family environment, and after the family, other factors such as economic, social, cultural, etc. play an effective role in committing crimes by adolescents.
Please cite this article as:
Izadi Gonabadi F. Study on the Dimensions of Committing Crimes Factors among Adolescents. Child Rights Journal. 2022; 4(15): 59-73.
Frouzan Akrami, Mahmoud Abbasi, Ali Reza Zali,
Volume 4, Issue 16 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Protecting children is a moral consideration and a legal obligation. This study aimed to provide an operational model for the integration of child and adolescent health care programs in child rights clinics (CRCs).
Method: In this qualitative study, a targeted search for laws and texts related to child/adolescent rights in domestic websites was conducted, using keywords including child/adolescent rights, child/adolescent friendly, or child/adolescent health. After reviewing the related laws and literature of child/adolescent friendly centers, the challenges faced by these centers were determined and the operational model was presented.
Results: A review of the literature shows the establishment of child and adolescent friendly centers and also adolescent health clubs by the Ministry of Health and Medical education with the support of international organizations since 2005, as well as CRCs by the scientific association and national authority of the Children's Rights Convention of the Ministry of Justice since 2015, in Iran. However, the activity of these centers has been stopped due to the cessation of international organizations support and the lack of strategies of inter-sectoral cooperation and community participation. Despite the government's position in protecting children and adolescents in accordance with the mainstream laws and documents and the continuation of the activities of CRCs based on Article 50 of the Executive Regulations of Article 6 of the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents, issues such as the lack of budget allocation and the need for free legal services , the lack of monitoring and accreditation unit, as well as the lack of a link between these clinics and healthcare centers for at-risk children and adolescents, are among the challenges facing these centers. Therefore, integrating healthcare programs for at-risk children and adolescents in the CRCs and providing them with counseling and legal assistance services can be an innovative and preventive solution to ensure their health and well-being.
Conclusion: Considering the suspension of the activity of children and adolescents health centers and clubs, and establishment of the approved structure of CRCs, the management of the challenges facing these clinics and the determination of cases of referrals and services that can be provided be them are recommended by the Supreme Council of Health and Food Security with the participation of representatives of partner organizations.
Keywords: Child; Adolescent; Health Care; Child Rights Clinic; Iranian Legal System
Please cite this article as:
Akrami F, Zali AR, Abbasi M. The Operational Model of Integration of the Healthcare Programs in Child Rights Clinics. Child Rights Journal. 2022; 4(15): 13-24.
Seyed Ali Reza Mirkamali,
Volume 4, Issue 16 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The present study tries to explain and investigate the cyber pornography of children with emphasis on the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents approved in 2019.
Method: The type of research in this research will be theoretical and based on the analytical-descriptive method based on accepted legal principles. The data required for the current research were collected through the library method.
Results: In most countries and legal systems with a protective view, cyber pornography of children has been considered as a criminal behavior and is considered as one of the examples of computer crimes against children, which is usually accompanied by severe punishment. The special features of cyber space such as: ease of access, convenient, fast and low-cost distribution along with security and concealment of the nature of the criminal, have made this space a special environment for committing this crime. Before the adoption of the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents in 2019, pornography was not defined in Iranian law, but it was recognized as a crime against chastity and public morals, which the criminal lawmaker has regulations about in the computer crimes chapter of the punishment section of the Penal Code. Islam had established The Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents approved in 2019 defines this concept; According to Clause D of Article 1 of this law, pornography is: the preparation and production of any work whose content expresses the sexual attraction of a child or teenager, such as nudity, intercourse, sexual acts or sexual organs.
Conclusion: With all the progress of the law on the protection of children and adolescents approved in 2019, this law is not comprehensive regarding the punishment of the perpetrators of crimes against children, especially new crimes such as child cyber pornography, and sometimes there is a need to refer to other laws in this regard. Among them, the law on computer crimes and the law on how to punish people who engage in unauthorized activities in audiovisual matters can be seen.
Please cite this article as:
Mirkamali SAR. Analyzing Children's Cyber Pornography with Emphasis on the Law on Protection of Children and Adolescents Approved in 2019. Child Rights Journal. 2022; 4(16): 67-80.
Ali Meshkin Yazd, Parvaneh Soodmand,
Volume 5, Issue 17 (6-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Approximately 23% of teenagers worldwide live with parents suffering from mental illness. These teenagers often bear the burden of the family and are often more involved with their parents than they are well-being. These teenagers believe that their family is not "normal" due to their parents' psychiatric disorder. The stigma of the presence of mentally ill parents can even affect the future vitality of these people and overshadow aspects of their personal lives and lead to isolation and severe communication limitations. Although research on the children of parents with mental illness is growing, few researchers have investigated the experience of parental mental illness stigma in adolescents. Hence, this study uses an interpretive phenomenological method to answer the study question about The meaning of the stigma of parental psychiatric disorder will be done from the perspective of adolescents.
Method: This research is hermeneutic phenomenology. A study on 13 teenagers whose parents had psychiatric disorders. They were selected by purpose-based sampling. In this study, unstructured interviews were used to collect data and the data analysis process was interpretive phenomenology.
Results: "Hellish life" is the main theme of the phenomenon under study, which includes three sub-themes of "childlike parent", "lonely cocoon" and "one step to death" and their supporting common meanings.
Conclusion: Growing up with mentally ill parents can have a negative effect on children. The results of this study can help shape interventions and policies to combat and prevent stigmatization of these children.
Please cite this article as:
Meshkin Yazd A, Soodmand P. Understanding the Lived Experiences of Adolescents with Parents with Psychiatric Disorders of Stigma. Child Rights Journal. 2023; 5(17): 33-43.
Seyed Mohammad Keykvosi, Maral Jafari Ghazi Jahani1,
Volume 5, Issue 17 (6-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Along with the advancement of technology and unlimited introduction of computer games around the world, these games quickly opened their place among children and teenagers. The scope and extent of using this phenomenon is such that you can find less children and teenagers who Do not play computer games. Also, in many parts of the city, in parallel with the people's welcome, clubs related to these games have become popular and for more benefit, the most up-to-date games are provided to children and teenagers regardless of this issue. They give age group ratings. Most parents have passively submitted to this situation without worrying about the destructive effects of this commercial-emotional product and have included such activities in their children's extra programs. This article is done to analyze the pathology of the discussed games on the behavior of children and teenagers and at the same time, according to the research and the relevant statistical results, it lists its harmful aspects with targeted software. The prospect of war follows this theme.
Method: This research was written using documents and library resources and descriptive and analytical method.
Results: Based on the studies, it can be said that strengthening the sense of aggression in the mind and psyche of the users, which is observed in many violent games, gradually and unconsciously leads to their belligerence in their behavior and urges them to do abnormal actions in the long term. In playing the game, children and teenagers kill the predetermined goals and destroy the environment around the game by using the game tools.
Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that the addiction of children and teenagers to computer games, especially violent games, can cause deep damage to their psyche and develop a militant, destructive and criminal character in them.
Please cite this article as:
Keykvosi SM, Jafari Ghazi Jahani M. Propensity to Crime among Children and Adolescents Caused by Computer Games. Child Rights Journal. 2023; 5(17): 45-55.
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